What's the definition of cascading? Is the threshold something like two causally linked collision events? According to the researcher who originated Kessler syndrome, we are already in Kessler syndrome. Which is to say, we're already in a regime where cascading orbital debris collisions are causing an exponential increase in orbital debris collisions.

You're correct - exponential growth looks like nothing for a long time.

My thinking when posting was, will we observe debris from collisions in one orbit affecting multiple adjacent orbits, leading to a dramatic increase in the number of collisions that impacts the stability and usability of broad swathes of orbital space?

I'll resolve NA if you think the original question doesn't match this definition.

Hmm. I worry that what you just posted is very close to already true. What definition of orbit do you have in mind? Are LEO & GEO orbits?

The situation is so gradual that it's hard to know at what threshold this will be resolved.

I think we'll know it if/when we see it, but key indicators would include a consistent and relatively rapid rise in collision reports and near misses from multiple space agencies and a noticeable increase in the number of debris objects being tracked over time.

It's arguable that the last 50 years fits, "a consistent and relatively rapid rise in collision reports and near misses from multiple space agencies and a noticeable increase in the number of debris objects being tracked over time." "Relatively rapid," can fit given the acceleration over time. On the other hand, this is also arguable, since much of this can be attributed to the tremendous increase in launches. However, it's expected that an increase in launches would contribute to Kessler Syndrome.

So a good criterion might be, "Does the acceleration in cascading debris events outstrip the growth in orbital population?" I suspect if someone ran those numbers, this condition is either true, or will become true quite soon!

That works, but would it need a specific period, say three months? Given that SpaceX launch 23 a week, it would be remarkable if a similar number were lost or damaged. I expect launches would be halted and the lost Vs launched ratio would go through the roof.