Resolution criteria

• For each answer, resolve YES if the candidate makes an official public announcement about running for U.S. president in the 2028 election on or before that answer’s cutoff; resolve NO otherwise. “before [date]” is treated as on or before 11:59:59 pm Eastern Time on that date.

• e.g. if the announcement occurs on Nov 15, 2027, the "before Dec 2027" AND "before Apr 2028" options resolve YES.

• Acceptable evidence (use the earliest timestamp across sources):

  1. FEC Form 2 (Statement of Candidacy) filed for a 2028 presidential run. (fec.gov)

  2. An explicit statement by the candidate or an authorized spokesperson about running for president in 2028 (e.g., on verified social accounts or official site).

• Forming an exploratory committee/testing‑the‑waters effort without an explicit “I’m running” announcement or a 2028 presidential Form 2 does not count. (fec.gov)

• All answers resolve NO at 12:00:00 am ET on Dec 1, 2028 if no qualifying announcement (above) has occurred by then; if candidate withdraws after announcing, the relevant earlier time-buckets still resolves YES.

Considerations

• Campaigns sometimes file with the FEC shortly before or without a splashy public event; if that happens, the FEC filing time controls. (fec.gov)

• Teasers, leaks, or media reports don’t count unless paired with an explicit announcement or FEC Form 2 for 2028. (fec.gov)